What is Relational Psychoanalysis?

The Hermit in front of His Retreat, Painting by Carl Spitzweg, 1844

Relational psychoanalysis sets itself apart from traditional psychodynamic models like Freudian or Kleinian psychoanalysis and does not adhere to a singular theory. It is best understood as a set of shared sensibilities that focus on the central role of relationships, whether with internalized objects or with others in the external world, in shaping one’s psyche.

A main feature of relational psychoanalysis is its openness to diverse influences. Some analysts are deeply connected to what Adrienne Harris describes as the "big R" of relationality, engaging closely with the established traditions and theories within the relational movement. Others are drawn to the "little r," embracing the hybridity and interdisciplinary nature of relational thought. This diversity means that relational analysts may approach theory and technique differently, and even disagree on core concepts, while remaining united by a shared interest in the influence of relational dynamics across internal experience and external interactions.

In therapy, relational psychoanalysis poses several important ideas that have reshaped the therapeutic relationship. Most known among these is the concept of "two-person psychology," which views the therapeutic relationship as a mutual and co-constructed process rather than a one-sided analysis of the patient by the therapist. Concepts like intersubjectivity, the multiplicity of self-states, and the therapist’s active use of their own subjective experience are essential within this framework. These ideas encourage a deeper, more authentic engagement between therapist and client, recognizing that both participants contribute to the relational field.

Interior, No. 30 Strandgade, Painting by Vilhelm Hammershøi, 1906

However, relational psychoanalysis can come with challenges as its emphasis on co-construction and therapist subjectivity can sometimes lead to clinical blind spots, where the therapist’s own experiences or biases may unintentionally shape the therapy. Also, the flexible nature of relational theory can at times result in a lack of clear structure or consistent methodology, leaving some clinicians vulnerable to difficulties in maintaining therapeutic boundaries or direction.

Despite this, relational psychoanalysis has made significant contributions to contemporary psychodynamic practice and has deepened our understanding of psychological development, suffering, and healing. It allows both therapists and clients to view the therapeutic relationship itself as a space for growth where new relational patterns can be experienced, explored, and integrated.