Repression is one of the most common defence mechanisms in psychodynamic theory which refers to the unconscious process where distressing thoughts, feelings, emotions or memories are excluded from awareness because they are too threatening or painful to face directly. These repressions do not disappear but continue to influence behaviour, emotions, interactions, and relationships in indirect ways. Patients may find themselves experiencing symptoms, hurt, anxieties, or recurring patterns without conscious awareness of their origins.

Therapy Toronto — *Lake Nemi, Painting by George Inness, 1872*

In therapy, repression is usually seen as a protective function of the mind where material is kept out of consciousness while the psyche attempts to preserve stability and prevent psychological distress or overwhelm. However, it can lead to an unresolved inner conflict that can manifest in psychosomatic symptoms, recurring dreams, slips of the tongue, or sudden emotional reactions that feel disproportionate to the present situation.

George Vaillant categorized repression as a “neurotic defence.” In his hierarchy, repression is more adaptive than primitive mechanisms such as denial or projection, but less mature than sublimation or humour. Vaillant emphasized that while repression can be useful at certain stages of life, persistent reliance on it may limit psychological growth and the ability to work through unresolved experiences. Understanding where repression sits in this hierarchy helps therapists and patients appreciate both its protective and limiting roles.

Within the therapeutic relationship, repression can surface indirectly where patients may avoid discussing certain topics, forget important details, deflect, or shift conversations away from emotionally charged material. These are not failures of memory alone but signals of underlying defences at work. A psychodynamic therapist will explore these instances with empathy, and help patients gradually bring unconscious material into awareness at a pace that feels tolerable and safe.

Ultimately, working with repression involves creating a therapeutic space where patients can approach previously intolerable feelings without being overwhelmed. This would allow for repressed contents to be uncovered and integrated and can lead to greater insight, leading to a more authentic self-expression and healthier relationships.

What is Repression as a Defence?

What is Displacement as a Defence?