Bionian psychoanalysis is an approach within psychodynamic psychotherapy that deeply looks at how the mind develops the capacity to think under emotional pressure, which emphasizes the therapeutic relationship as a place to create meaning with unprocessed emotions. As it is based on Kleinian theory, it is particularly relevant for working with vulnerable mental states, trauma, and psychotic processes through concepts including container-contained, projective identification, and emotional truth.

Neo-Freudian psychology builds off of Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory while at the same time emphasizing social, cultural, and relational influences instead of sexual drives. Many Neo-Freudian theorists have reshaped our understanding of personality and development and have laid the foundation for modern psychodynamic practices that we use often today.

Adlerian Psychology, or Individual Psychology, is a psychodynamic approach developed by Alfred Adler that focuses on the unity of the individual, the importance of social connections, and the drive for self-improvement. This approach is based on the belief that behaviour is shaped by both internal experiences and social context, with a particular emphasis on feelings of inferiority.

Neuropsychoanalysis is an interdisciplinary field that brings together neuroscience and psychoanalysis, and provides a deeper understanding of how the unconscious mind, emotional experiences, and brain function are connected. It provides insight into the biological factors of subjectivity by integrating brain research with psychoanalytic theory and helps us explore the mind both biologically and psychologically.

Relational psychoanalysis is a contemporary psychodynamic framework that focuses on the role of relational dynamics, including past and present as well as internal and external, in shaping the psyche. It revolves around the therapeutic relationship, the multiplicity of self, and the therapist’s subjective engagement.

Interpersonal psychoanalysis is a psychodynamic approach developed by Harry Stack Sullivan that focuses on the role of early and ongoing relationships in shaping the sense of self and emotional well-being. This therapy emphasizes that psychological distress usually is as a result of relational patterns and interpersonal conflicts.

Jungian psychology, or analytical psychology, is a depth-oriented approach within the psychodynamic framework that focuses on the psyche’s natural drive toward wholeness through integrating unconscious elements, archetypal patterns, and symbolic meaning. Developed by Carl Jung, it explores inner transformation through concepts such as individuation, the Self, shadow, dream analysis, and typology.

Lacanian psychoanalysis is a unique approach within the psychodynamic framework that explores how language, desire, and unconscious processes shape subjectivity, with a focus on the symbolic structures that influence identity and mental suffering. It examines how individuals relate to the Other, navigate the Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real, and uncover the unconscious roots of their symptoms through speech.

Self psychology, developed by Heinz Kohut in the 1970s, is a psychodynamic school of thought that focuses on the development, cohesion, and repair of the self through empathic relationships and the fulfillment of unmet developmental needs. It emphasizes the role of early parenting or caregiving, selfobject functions, and therapeutic empathy in shaping mental health and treating narcissistic and identity-related difficulties.

Object Relations Theory emphasizes how early relationships, especially with early caregivers are internalized as mental and emotional “objects” that shape an individual’s sense of self, relational patterns, and psychological development throughout life. These object representations form the unconscious foundation for how individuals experience themselves and others, usually resurfacing in adult relationships and through therapy itself.

Ego psychology is a psychoanalytic school of thought that focuses on the role of the ego in regulating impulses, planning, and adapting to the world on the outside, while demonstrating the ego's conflict-free functions and independent energy. It expands beyond classical psychoanalysis and instead, integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences to provide a more comprehensive understanding of human development and functioning.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy provides fathers a supportive and non-judgemental space to explore the often unspoken emotional challenges of fatherhood by uncovering unconscious patterns shaped by past experiences. These challenges can include an expectation to provide, identity shifts, relationship difficulties, and more. Through this process, fathers can strengthen their emotional well-being, deepen connections, and reframe what it means to show up for themselves and their families.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy offers compassionate support for maternal mental health by addressing complex emotions that come with pregnancy, fertility challenges, postpartum adjustment, and reproductive grief, while also helping mothers navigate the ongoing mental load, identity shifts, and relationship challenges that extend beyond the early parenting years. This approach helps explore unconscious patterns and unprocessed emotions, leading to resilience, emotional healing, and a deeper connection to oneself and others.

Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl, is an existential therapy that emphasizes finding meaning as the primary driving force in life, helping individuals overcome suffering by identifying a purpose through creativity, relationships, and resilience. Because it helps individuals navigate challenges with openness and authenticity, it makes it a valuable complement to psychodynamic approaches.

Countertransference in psychoanalysis refers to the therapist’s emotional reactions toward a patient, shaped by the therapist’s own unconscious experiences and past relationships. Recognizing and managing these reactions is essential for maintaining therapeutic ethics and understanding the patient’s relational patterns.

Transference in psychoanalysis refers to the unconscious redirection of a person’s past emotions and relational patterns, which are usually rooted in childhood, onto someone in the present, usually the therapist. This concept was first theorized by Freud and was later expanded on by Jung, as it is a core therapeutic concept that helps uncover unresolved emotional conflicts which can help patients gain insights into their behaviours and relationships.

From a psychodynamic perspective, secure attachment forms the foundation for emotional stability, healthy relationships, and a well-integrated sense of self by shaping unconscious relationship patterns and defense mechanisms. This can be seen as a result of early parental or caregiver interactions, as it creates trust, emotional regulation, and resilience, allowing individuals to have relationships with confidence.

The disorganized/fearful attachment style, stemming from early relational trauma, can be caused by a deep internal conflict where the caregiver, who should provide safety, also becomes a source of fear. From a psychodynamic perspective, this unresolved conflict can lead to a distorted perception of self, emotional dysregulation, and unstable relationships, where individuals both crave and fear intimacy, often reenacting past trauma in their adult connections.

From a psychodynamic perspective, anxious-preoccupied attachment develops from early experiences with inconsistent parents and caregivers, leading to deep fears of abandonment, emotional dependency, and a constant need for reassurance in relationships. Therapy helps individuals uncover unconscious fears, reshape maladaptive relational patterns, and create a more secure sense of self that is not only reliant on external validation.

From a psychodynamic perspective, the avoidant-dismissive attachment style develops from early experiences with emotionally unavailable or rejecting caregivers, which can lead individuals to suppress their attachment needs and prioritize independence over connection. In adulthood, this can present itself as discomfort with intimacy, emotional suppression, and a tendency to withdraw from close relationships, often reinforcing cycles of loneliness and dissatisfaction. Therapy focuses on uncovering unconscious fears of intimacy, exploring early relational wounds, and creating a secure therapeutic relationship to help individuals integrate emotional connection with autonomy, allowing for more fulfilling and authentic relationships.